Although viewed as whole, the human body is actually made up of ten different systems. Each of these systems plays a vital part in the health and well being of the entire body.1. Integumentary system- The integumentary system, the largest system in the body, is comprised of skin, hair and nails as well as sweat and oil glands. It functions as a protective covering for underlying tissues against drying and invasion by toxins or pathogenic organisms. The skin is responsible for regulating body temperature. It is made up of three distinct tissue layers. The epidermis is the outermost layer and is made entirely of epithelial cells. The middle layer is the dermis, which contains blood vessels, nerve endings and glands. The subcutaneous is the innermost layer, a combination of elastic, fibrous and adipose tissues.
2. Skeletal system- The skeletal system provides structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
3. Muscular system- The muscular system has three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac and visceral. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that work with the connective tissues to allow the body to move. Cardiac muscles form the bulk of the heart’s wall. Visceral muscles are found in various parts of the body like the arteries, digestive tract and other organs.
4. Circulatory system- The circulatory system is a closed system whose main function is to carry blood to all parts of the body. It is made up of the heart, arteries and systemic arterioles which carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells in the body as well as the systemic capillaries and veins which carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. An adjunct is the lymphatic network, which transports a watery clear fluid called lymph. This fluid distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body by interacting with the blood circulatory system to drain fluid from cells and tissues. The lymphatic network contains immune cells called lymphocytes, which protect the body against antigens (viruses, bacteria, etc.) that invade the body.
5. Respiratory system- The respiratory system is primarily comprised of two lungs and the passages that lead to and from them. This system begins at the nostrils and includes the nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi and alveoli. After successive inhalations, oxygen passes through the bronchi and enters the bronchial tubes. When it finally reaches the alveoli, the oxygen mixes with the blood.
6. Digestive system – The digestive system is comprised of all the organs that help break down food into a useable substance for the body. It includes the mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small and large intestines, colon, rectum and anus. It also includes accessory organs like the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen.
7. Urinary system – The urinary system is comprised of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. It maintains fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
8. Nervous system- The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It also includes special sense organs such as the eyes, ears and taste buds. In itself, the nervous system is broken up into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists of both cranial and spinal nerves. There are twelve cranial nerves that carry messages to and from the brain. The spinal nerves are those that carry messages to and from the spinal cord.
9. Endocrine system- The endocrine system is made up of hormone producing glands that regulate growth, the use of food within the cells and reproduction. Primary endocrine glands are the pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, and ovaries/testes.
10. Reproductive system- The reproductive system includes the sex organs. For women, we refer to parts such as the uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, vagina and vulva. For men, we refer to parts such as the prostrate, testes, penis, the vas deferens, seminal vesicles and urethra.
It is through these ten specialized systems all working together that allows us to maintain every aspect of life from standing to sleeping to breathing. If any one of these systems fail, the entire individual suffers.
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